The C in C++ of course comes from C language which originated from BCPL's B class (or B language, an interpreted language, suprisingly) where BCPL stands for BasicCPL which was related to the CPL language joinly developed by universities in UK? where The C in CPL orginally refer to Cambridge and later Combined (just like what happened to GCC, where originally it refers to Gnu C Compiler and later Gnu Compiler Collection). In addition, the C in CPL also refers to Christopher Strachey, who is the main driving force behind CPL.
So, now we can 'C' that the letter C has a long history, now you C it, now you don't.......
ha ha ha ha ha....
14 June, 2009
sudo error...............
if u r going to install any package in linux,by using SUDO command
in some linux its not wotking....and there are many ways to install the package..
to solve this problem there are many ways....,BUT.....its depend upon the msg....whichone shows in terminal...
during package installation...
here is common error,
sart....
change dir....
from were u want to installl packages....than
e.g....
u want to install django
pylon@riyan:$ cd /home/pylon/Documents/pythonista/Django1.0.2-final
pylon@riyan /home/pylon/Documents/pythonista/Django1.0.2-final:$
pylon@riyan /home..../Djan....:/$sudo python setup.py install
if error is coming like this.....
"pylon is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported."
here pylon is user....
than write on the terminal
e.g.:-
pylon@riyan:$su
u get the root,something like this
e.g.
[root:ashish/root/home]:$
chane dir....
from were u want to installl packages....than
[root:ashish/root/home]:$cd /home/pylon/Documents/pythonista/Django1.0.2-final
[root:ashish/root/.../Django...]:$sudo python "installer_pacakage_file_name" install
in some linux its not wotking....and there are many ways to install the package..
to solve this problem there are many ways....,BUT.....its depend upon the msg....whichone shows in terminal...
during package installation...
here is common error,
sart....
change dir....
from were u want to installl packages....than
e.g....
u want to install django
pylon@riyan:$ cd /home/pylon/Documents/pythonista/Django1.0.2-final
pylon@riyan /home/pylon/Documents/pythonista/Django1.0.2-final:$
pylon@riyan /home..../Djan....:/$sudo python setup.py install
if error is coming like this.....
"pylon is not in the sudoers file. This incident will be reported."
here pylon is user....
than write on the terminal
e.g.:-
pylon@riyan:$su
u get the root,something like this
e.g.
[root:ashish/root/home]:$
chane dir....
from were u want to installl packages....than
[root:ashish/root/home]:$cd /home/pylon/Documents/pythonista/Django1.0.2-final
[root:ashish/root/.../Django...]:$sudo python "installer_pacakage_file_name" install
screenshots of KDE(Elive) linux and GNOME(ubuntu).....
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GNOME(UBUNTU)
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difference between KDE and GNOME....IN Linux system......
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When you look at the default setup of Gnome and KDE in Ubuntu, their differences are mainly cosmetic.
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KDE by default (this can be changed) favors blue and black, has one toolbar at the bottom of the screen, and has one main menu.
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Gnome by default (this can also be changed) favors brown and orange, has two toolbars (one at the top, one at the bottom), and splits its menu into three submenus—Applications, Places, and System.
You should not select your desktop environment based on its default look. Gnome can just as easily favor blue, and KDE can be made to be orange. Both can be any color you want. Toolbars can be moved, added, deleted. The Gnome menus can be combined. New KDE menus can be added.
Both KDE and Gnome offer flexibility.
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In KDE, there is a KMenu through which you access all programs. By default in Kubuntu (Ubuntu's implementation of KDE), there is a quick-navigation button that looks like a folder.
If you want to go to your Documents folder, you would go to the quick navigation button and then select Documents. Then you would click Open to open it.
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In both
KDE also defaults to a single-click instead of double-click for opening files. So if you stick with the single-click, you'll have to hold down Control while selecting the file so that you just select the file and don't open it.
In
File Browser Preferences
Default Look:---
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When you look at the default setup of Gnome and KDE in Ubuntu, their differences are mainly cosmetic.
####################################################
KDE
###################################################
KDE by default (this can be changed) favors blue and black, has one toolbar at the bottom of the screen, and has one main menu.
#################################################
Gnome
#################################################
Gnome by default (this can also be changed) favors brown and orange, has two toolbars (one at the top, one at the bottom), and splits its menu into three submenus—Applications, Places, and System.
You should not select your desktop environment based on its default look. Gnome can just as easily favor blue, and KDE can be made to be orange. Both can be any color you want. Toolbars can be moved, added, deleted. The Gnome menus can be combined. New KDE menus can be added.
Both KDE and Gnome offer flexibility.
#################################################
Menu Navigation
#################################################
In KDE, there is a KMenu through which you access all programs. By default in Kubuntu (Ubuntu's implementation of KDE), there is a quick-navigation button that looks like a folder.
If you want to go to your Documents folder, you would go to the quick navigation button and then select Documents. Then you would click Open to open it.
In Gnome in Ubuntu's default layout (though you can change it to a one-button format if you'd like), you have separate buttons for applications, for folder navigation, and for system preferences.
To go to your Home Folder or Documents folder, you click on Places and then select the location you want to go to.
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Renaming Files
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In both
KDE and Gnome
, you rename a file (just as you would in Windows) with the F2 key. In older versions of KDE, the rename would focus on the entire filename, including the extension. In newer versions of KDE, the renaming process focuses on only the main filename and leaves out the extension. The renaming happens in a pop-up window, which you can confirm or cancel when you're done.
KDE also defaults to a single-click instead of double-click for opening files. So if you stick with the single-click, you'll have to hold down Control while selecting the file so that you just select the file and don't open it.
In
Gnome
, renaming a file also focuses on the main file name, but it does so inline and not with a pop-up window.File Browser Preferences
KDE has a reputation for having confusing menus and options. I tend to think of it as just a different approach. In the file browser preferences, for example, you see three main options and then a lot of minor options in each submenu.
There are many examples.......not listed here.....
25 May, 2009
Java is not without drawbacks......???
5. Disadvantages of Java
Like any programming language, Java is not without drawbacks. Java is an interpreted language, so programs written in Java won't be speed demons. Still, for most programs that students write, speed is secondary. With ever-faster computers available at bargain prices, Java should be fast enough for all but the most time-intensive programs.
Other problems stem from Java's youth. For one thing, Java isn't available on all platforms. Although Java will likely spread to more as time goes on, it's unlikely to be implemented on older platforms. That will cause problems for institutions that lack funds for hardware and software upgrades. Still, that barrier should be only a temporary one.
Java is relatively immature. Although the language itself is unlikely to change dramatically, we can expect significant changes in the Java API and associated technology. (The latest version of the Java Development Kit, JDK 1.1, is currently in beta. It features a host of changes to the API.) Still, C++ has been in a state of almost continuous change since it was created--the official standard isn't expected for another year or two--but that hasn't stopped industry and academia from adopting it.
Java is also hampered by a shortage of genuine textbooks. This problem should also take care of itself within a short time.
The syntax of Java can be criticized. Making Java resemble C and C++ was a shrewd move on the part of Java's designers: the language looks familiar to most software developers, making it easy to switch to. On the other hand, Java has inherited some of the quirks and traps of C and C++. For example, the placement of semicolons can easily trip up the beginner. The ``dangling if'' problem is present in Java; most modern languages have eliminated it. C's /* ... */ comment style is supported, allowing students to accidentally ``comment out'' parts of their programs.
Like any programming language, Java is not without drawbacks. Java is an interpreted language, so programs written in Java won't be speed demons. Still, for most programs that students write, speed is secondary. With ever-faster computers available at bargain prices, Java should be fast enough for all but the most time-intensive programs.
Other problems stem from Java's youth. For one thing, Java isn't available on all platforms. Although Java will likely spread to more as time goes on, it's unlikely to be implemented on older platforms. That will cause problems for institutions that lack funds for hardware and software upgrades. Still, that barrier should be only a temporary one.
Java is relatively immature. Although the language itself is unlikely to change dramatically, we can expect significant changes in the Java API and associated technology. (The latest version of the Java Development Kit, JDK 1.1, is currently in beta. It features a host of changes to the API.) Still, C++ has been in a state of almost continuous change since it was created--the official standard isn't expected for another year or two--but that hasn't stopped industry and academia from adopting it.
Java is also hampered by a shortage of genuine textbooks. This problem should also take care of itself within a short time.
The syntax of Java can be criticized. Making Java resemble C and C++ was a shrewd move on the part of Java's designers: the language looks familiar to most software developers, making it easy to switch to. On the other hand, Java has inherited some of the quirks and traps of C and C++. For example, the placement of semicolons can easily trip up the beginner. The ``dangling if'' problem is present in Java; most modern languages have eliminated it. C's /* ... */ comment style is supported, allowing students to accidentally ``comment out'' parts of their programs.
