New address of my posts > www.codeleaf.in
04 May, 2010
It's testing
"Testing goes here..."
Don't say " hello world ! "
Say "Hey see this , It's Working ! "
Posted by : Priyan
Don't say " hello world ! "
Say "Hey see this , It's Working ! "
Posted by : Priyan
26 March, 2010
Running Django on Google App Engine.
Google App Engine and Django both have the ability to use the WSGI standard to run applications. As a result, it is possible to use nearly the entire Django stack on Google App Engine, including middleware.
Read the Doc. from....,
Read the Doc. from....,
History of Orkut , What and Who is Orkut ? Who Made Orkut ? How Orkut Came to Existance ? Orkut Love Story ? Orkut Business.
A guy
lost his girlfriend in a train accident... but the gal's name nowhere appeared in the dead list. This guy grew up and became IT technical architect in his late 20's, achievement in itself!!He hired developers from the whole globe and plan to make a software where he could search for his gf through the web...
Things went as planned... and he found her, after losing millions of dollars and 3 long years!!
It was time to shut down the search operation, when the CEO of Google had a
word with this guy n took over this application. This Software made a whopping 1 billion dollars profit in its first year, which we today know as ORKUT.
The guy's name is Orkut Büyükkökten Yes it's named after him only. Today he is paid a hefty sum by Google for the things we do like scrapping. He is expected to b the richest person by 2009. Orkut Büyükkökten today has 13 assistants to monitor his scrapbook & 8 to monitor his friends-list. He gets around 20,000 friend-requests a day & about 85,000 scraps!!!
Some other Cool Facts about this guy:
* He gets $12 from Google when every person registers to this website.
* He also gets $10 when you add somebody as a friend.
* He gets $8 when your friend's friend adds you as a friend & gets $6 if anybody adds you as friend in the resulting chain.
* He gets $5 when you scrap somebody & $4 when somebody scraps you.
* He also gets $200 for each photograph you upload on Orkut.
* He gets $2.5 when you add your friend in the crush-list or in the hot-list.
* He gets $2 when you become somebody's fan.
* He gets $1.5 when somebody else becomes your fan.
* He even gets $1 every time you logout of Orkut.
* He gets $0.5 every time you just change your profile-photograph.
* He also gets $0.5 every time you read your friend's scrap-book & $0.5 every time you view your friend's friend-list.
From the source of internet
34 Places to Get Design Inspiration – Online and Off
A list, online and off to serve up everything from logos to icons to art to fashion to just inventive ideas to get your mind ticking.
15 Websites Full of Inspiration…
15 Websites Full of Inspiration…
Deploy Django on desktop
Django application as a stand-alone desktop application.
see the link
Deploy the Django
One of the cool things about Silver Catalyst (which is a Django app) is that you can start using it right out of the box. I didn’t want the team working their way around Apache and MSSQL configurations, Python version incompatibilities, database access issues and deployment hassles. The final solution was a simple executable, which when run would start everything required to get going.
here is "33 Responses to “Deploying a Django app on the desktop"
from Silver Stripe Blog
see the link
Deploy the Django
One of the cool things about Silver Catalyst (which is a Django app) is that you can start using it right out of the box. I didn’t want the team working their way around Apache and MSSQL configurations, Python version incompatibilities, database access issues and deployment hassles. The final solution was a simple executable, which when run would start everything required to get going.
here is "33 Responses to “Deploying a Django app on the desktop"
from Silver Stripe Blog
Python Developer Center from Sun Microsystems,
Here's your connection for downloads, community, libraries, documents, and frameworks for developing web applications with Python and Jython.
Develop Web Applications With Python and Jython
Develop Web Applications With Python and Jython
Django | Snakes and Rubies downloads
Snakes and Rubies downloads
Ruby and Python developers from Chicago and vicinity gathered at DePaul University to hear two of the leaders in rapid Web-application development debate the merits of each other’s frameworks.
Adrian Holovaty, one of the creators of the Django framework for Python, and David Heinemeier Hansson, the creator of Ruby on Rails framework, answered questions about their work and the future of Web-application development. You can read more about the event at the Snakes and Rubies website.
SnakeandRubies
Ruby and Python developers from Chicago and vicinity gathered at DePaul University to hear two of the leaders in rapid Web-application development debate the merits of each other’s frameworks.
Adrian Holovaty, one of the creators of the Django framework for Python, and David Heinemeier Hansson, the creator of Ruby on Rails framework, answered questions about their work and the future of Web-application development. You can read more about the event at the Snakes and Rubies website.
SnakeandRubies
05 March, 2010
Onroute-courier and cargo
My first website,
The OnRoute-courier&Cargo website is fully powered by django.
This website is also written in Ruby and Python scripting languages and also available on Google-App-engine.
Thanks to Pavan Mishra,who help me to develop this website on Django.
Pavan also made this website on Ruby and Rails.which is hosted as onroute.in.
Here is some snaps of the Website..
powered by Django...developed by me
The home page of OnRoute
The Administration of consignment of OnRoute
Site Administration of OnRoute
see the original website of OnRoute-Courier and Cargo.
The OnRoute-courier&Cargo website is fully powered by django.
This website is also written in Ruby and Python scripting languages and also available on Google-App-engine.
Thanks to Pavan Mishra,who help me to develop this website on Django.
Pavan also made this website on Ruby and Rails.which is hosted as onroute.in.
Here is some snaps of the Website..
powered by Django...developed by me
The home page of OnRoute
The Administration of consignment of OnRoute
Site Administration of OnRoute
see the original website of OnRoute-Courier and Cargo.
04 March, 2010
Tomcat Performance: Linux faster than Windows
Apache Tomcat is a very common application server in java-based solutions and it is able to run on every platform supported by Sun Java. But which platform delivers most performance and stability; Microsoft Windows or Linux. According to this performance study part 2, Linux significantly outperforms Microsoft Windows.
Tomcat Throughput Performance – Linux vs. Windows
Tomcat CPU Utilization – Linux vs. Windows
Tomcat Errors / second – Linux vs. Windows
see the more info from Linux vs Microsoft performance
07 September, 2009
If programming languages were cars...
The list
* Ada
Ada is a tank. A butt-ugly tank that never breaks down. People laugh uncontrollably if you tell them you drive Ada, but really, do you want to be driving a sports car in a war zone? [from Amit Dubey]
* Assembly Language
is a bare engine; you have to build the car yourself and manually supply it with gas while it's running, but if you're careful it can go like a bat out of hell.
[From "Subterfug" off digg.com:]
Assembly Language: you are the car.
* Basic
Basic is a simple car useful for short drives to the local shops. Once popular with learner drivers, it has recently been stripped down to a shell and rebuilt by a major manufacturer, The new version has been refurbished for longer journeys, leaving only cosmetic similarities to the original model. [from Przemyslaw Wrzos]
* C
C is a racing car that goes incredibly fast but breaks down every fifty miles.
* Cobol
Cobol is reputed to be a car, but no self-respecting driver will ever admit having driven one.
* C#
C# is a competing model of family station wagons. Once you use this, you're never allowed to use the competitors' products again.
* C++
C++ is a souped-up version of the C racing car with dozens of extra features that only breaks down every 250 miles, but when it does, nobody can figure out what went wrong.
* Eiffel
Eiffel is a car that includes a built-in driving instructor with a French accent. He will help you quickly identify and learn from your mistakes, but don't you dare argue with him or he'll insult you and throw you out of the car. [From Daniel Prager with some embellishments]
* Erlang
Erlang is a fleet of cars that all cooperate to get you where you want to go. It takes practice to be able to drive with one foot in each of several cars, but once you learn how you can drive over terrain that would be very hard to navigate any other way. In addition, because you're using so many cars, it doesn't matter if a few of them break down.
* Forth
Forth is a car you build yourself from a kit. Your car doesn't have to look or behave like anyone else's car. However, a Forth car will only go backwards.
[By "256byteram", on a comment on Digg.com (I couldn't resist):]
FORTH LOVE IF HONK THEN !
* Fortran
Fortran is a pretty primitive car; it'll go very quickly as long as you are only going along roads that are perfectly straight. It is believed that learning to drive a Fortran car makes it impossible to learn to drive any other model.
* Java
Java is a family station wagon. It's easy to drive, it's not too fast, and you can't hurt yourself.
* Haskell
Haskell is an incredibly elegantly-designed and beautiful car, which is rumored to be able to drive over extremely strange terrain. The one time you tried to drive it, it didn't actually drive along the road; instead, it made copies of itself and the road, with each successive copy of the road having the car a little further along. It's supposed to be possible to drive it in a more conventional way, but you don't know enough math to figure out how.
[Monadic version:]
Haskell is not really a car; it's an abstract machine in which you give a detailed description of what the process of driving would be like if you were to do it. You have to put the abstract machine inside another (concrete) machine in order to actually do any driving. You're not supposed to ask how the concrete machine works. There is also a way to take multiple abstract machines and make a single abstract machine, which you can then give to the concrete machine to make multiple trips one after another.
* Lisp
Lisp looks like a car, but with enough tweaking you can turn it into a pretty effective airplane or submarine.
[from Paul Tanimoto:]
Lisp: At first it doesn't seem to be a car at all, but now and then you spot a few people driving it around. After a point you decide to learn more about it and you realize it's actually a car that can make more cars. You tell your friends, but they all laugh and say these cars look way too weird. You still keep one in your garage, hoping one day they will take over the streets.
* Mathematica
Mathematica is a well-designed car that borrowed a lot from the Lisp car without giving it nearly the credit it deserved. It can solve equations to determine the most efficient way to get to the destination, but it costs a fortune
* Matlab
Matlab is a car designed for novice drivers going on short trips over terrain similar to the terrain the Mathematica car is usually driven over. It is very comfortable when driving over this terrain, but if you go off the trail even a little the car becomes so hard to drive that more snobby drivers refuse to even acknowledge that it's a car.
* Ocaml
Ocaml is a very sexy European car. It's not quite as fast as C, but it never breaks down, so you end up going further in less time. However, because it's French, none of the controls are in the usual places.
* Perl
Perl is supposed to be a pretty cool car, but the driver's manual is incomprehensible. Also, even if you can figure out how to drive a Perl car, you won't be able to drive anyone else's.
* PHP
PHP is the Oscar Mayer Wienermobile, it's bizarre and hard to handle but everybody still wants to drive it. [from "CosmicJustice" off of digg.com]
* Prolog is fully automatic: you tell it what your destination looks like, and it does all the driving for you. [Addendum from Paul Graham:] However, the effort required to specify most destinations is equivalent to the effort of driving there.
[I forget who suggested this one:]
Prolog is a car with a unique trial-and-error GPS system. It will go down the road looking for your destination, and if it gets to the end of the street without finding it, it will back up and try the next street over and continue until you get where you need to go.
* Python
Python is a great beginner's car; you can drive it without a license. Unless you want to drive really fast or on really treacherous terrain, you may never need another car.
* Ruby
Ruby is a car that was formed when the Perl, Python and Smalltalk cars were involved in a three-way collision. A Japanese mechanic found the pieces and put together a car which many drivers think is better than the sum of the parts. Other drivers, however, grumble that a lot of the controls of the Ruby car have been duplicated or triplicated, with some of the duplicate controls doing slightly different things in odd circumstances, making the car harder to drive than it ought to be. A redesign is rumored to be in the works.
* Smalltalk
Smalltalk is a small car originally designed for people who were just learning to drive, but it was designed so well that even experienced drivers enjoy riding in it. It doesn't drive very fast, but you can take apart any part of it and change it to make it more like what you wanted it to be. One oddity is that you don't actually drive it; you send it a message asking it to go somewhere and it either does or tells you that it didn't understand what you were asking.
* Visual Basic
Visual Basic is a car that drives you. [from "yivkX360" on digg.com, no doubt channeling Yakov Smirnov]
* Ada
Ada is a tank. A butt-ugly tank that never breaks down. People laugh uncontrollably if you tell them you drive Ada, but really, do you want to be driving a sports car in a war zone? [from Amit Dubey]
* Assembly Language
is a bare engine; you have to build the car yourself and manually supply it with gas while it's running, but if you're careful it can go like a bat out of hell.
[From "Subterfug" off digg.com:]
Assembly Language: you are the car.
* Basic
Basic is a simple car useful for short drives to the local shops. Once popular with learner drivers, it has recently been stripped down to a shell and rebuilt by a major manufacturer, The new version has been refurbished for longer journeys, leaving only cosmetic similarities to the original model. [from Przemyslaw Wrzos]
* C
C is a racing car that goes incredibly fast but breaks down every fifty miles.
* Cobol
Cobol is reputed to be a car, but no self-respecting driver will ever admit having driven one.
* C#
C# is a competing model of family station wagons. Once you use this, you're never allowed to use the competitors' products again.
* C++
C++ is a souped-up version of the C racing car with dozens of extra features that only breaks down every 250 miles, but when it does, nobody can figure out what went wrong.
* Eiffel
Eiffel is a car that includes a built-in driving instructor with a French accent. He will help you quickly identify and learn from your mistakes, but don't you dare argue with him or he'll insult you and throw you out of the car. [From Daniel Prager with some embellishments]
* Erlang
Erlang is a fleet of cars that all cooperate to get you where you want to go. It takes practice to be able to drive with one foot in each of several cars, but once you learn how you can drive over terrain that would be very hard to navigate any other way. In addition, because you're using so many cars, it doesn't matter if a few of them break down.
* Forth
Forth is a car you build yourself from a kit. Your car doesn't have to look or behave like anyone else's car. However, a Forth car will only go backwards.
[By "256byteram", on a comment on Digg.com (I couldn't resist):]
FORTH LOVE IF HONK THEN !
* Fortran
Fortran is a pretty primitive car; it'll go very quickly as long as you are only going along roads that are perfectly straight. It is believed that learning to drive a Fortran car makes it impossible to learn to drive any other model.
* Java
Java is a family station wagon. It's easy to drive, it's not too fast, and you can't hurt yourself.
* Haskell
Haskell is an incredibly elegantly-designed and beautiful car, which is rumored to be able to drive over extremely strange terrain. The one time you tried to drive it, it didn't actually drive along the road; instead, it made copies of itself and the road, with each successive copy of the road having the car a little further along. It's supposed to be possible to drive it in a more conventional way, but you don't know enough math to figure out how.
[Monadic version:]
Haskell is not really a car; it's an abstract machine in which you give a detailed description of what the process of driving would be like if you were to do it. You have to put the abstract machine inside another (concrete) machine in order to actually do any driving. You're not supposed to ask how the concrete machine works. There is also a way to take multiple abstract machines and make a single abstract machine, which you can then give to the concrete machine to make multiple trips one after another.
* Lisp
Lisp looks like a car, but with enough tweaking you can turn it into a pretty effective airplane or submarine.
[from Paul Tanimoto:]
Lisp: At first it doesn't seem to be a car at all, but now and then you spot a few people driving it around. After a point you decide to learn more about it and you realize it's actually a car that can make more cars. You tell your friends, but they all laugh and say these cars look way too weird. You still keep one in your garage, hoping one day they will take over the streets.
* Mathematica
Mathematica is a well-designed car that borrowed a lot from the Lisp car without giving it nearly the credit it deserved. It can solve equations to determine the most efficient way to get to the destination, but it costs a fortune
* Matlab
Matlab is a car designed for novice drivers going on short trips over terrain similar to the terrain the Mathematica car is usually driven over. It is very comfortable when driving over this terrain, but if you go off the trail even a little the car becomes so hard to drive that more snobby drivers refuse to even acknowledge that it's a car.
* Ocaml
Ocaml is a very sexy European car. It's not quite as fast as C, but it never breaks down, so you end up going further in less time. However, because it's French, none of the controls are in the usual places.
* Perl
Perl is supposed to be a pretty cool car, but the driver's manual is incomprehensible. Also, even if you can figure out how to drive a Perl car, you won't be able to drive anyone else's.
* PHP
PHP is the Oscar Mayer Wienermobile, it's bizarre and hard to handle but everybody still wants to drive it. [from "CosmicJustice" off of digg.com]
* Prolog is fully automatic: you tell it what your destination looks like, and it does all the driving for you. [Addendum from Paul Graham:] However, the effort required to specify most destinations is equivalent to the effort of driving there.
[I forget who suggested this one:]
Prolog is a car with a unique trial-and-error GPS system. It will go down the road looking for your destination, and if it gets to the end of the street without finding it, it will back up and try the next street over and continue until you get where you need to go.
* Python
Python is a great beginner's car; you can drive it without a license. Unless you want to drive really fast or on really treacherous terrain, you may never need another car.
* Ruby
Ruby is a car that was formed when the Perl, Python and Smalltalk cars were involved in a three-way collision. A Japanese mechanic found the pieces and put together a car which many drivers think is better than the sum of the parts. Other drivers, however, grumble that a lot of the controls of the Ruby car have been duplicated or triplicated, with some of the duplicate controls doing slightly different things in odd circumstances, making the car harder to drive than it ought to be. A redesign is rumored to be in the works.
* Smalltalk
Smalltalk is a small car originally designed for people who were just learning to drive, but it was designed so well that even experienced drivers enjoy riding in it. It doesn't drive very fast, but you can take apart any part of it and change it to make it more like what you wanted it to be. One oddity is that you don't actually drive it; you send it a message asking it to go somewhere and it either does or tells you that it didn't understand what you were asking.
* Visual Basic
Visual Basic is a car that drives you. [from "yivkX360" on digg.com, no doubt channeling Yakov Smirnov]
The D programming Language !
penguinblotter writes in a journal article: "Soon, Walter Bright is scheduled to release version 1.0 of the D Programming Language. D is a systems programming language. Its focus is on combining the power and high performance of C and C++ with the programmer productivity of modern languages like Ruby and Python. Special attention is given to the needs of quality assurance, documentation, management, portability and reliability. D has appeared on Slashdot a few times before, and Walter has continued to add more and more features. Most Slashdot community comments in these articles have been offered on feature X or spec Y without reading through the extensive D newsgroup archives. It has been here over the past seven years where extremely gifted and experienced programmers hashed out discussions and arrived at excellent implementations of all the ideas discussed."
For those with a C/C++ background, D offers:
* native code speed
* extremely fast compilation times
* garbage collection (although you can manage your own memory if you want)
* OOP - by reference only, easy initialization, always virtual
* cleaner template metaprogramming syntax, more powerful templates, as well
* built-in dynamic and associative arrays, array slicing
* versioning (no preprocessor madness)
* link-compatibility with C
* nested functions
* class delegates / function pointers
* module system
For those with a C#/Java background (a shorter list, but one with big wins):
* similar syntax
* No virtual machine or interpreter
* built-in unit testing and design-by-contract
These two comparison sheets can go into more depth on how D stacks up against other languages.
From D's creator:
For me, it's hard to pinpoint any particular feature or two. It's the combination of features that makes the cake, not the sugar, flour or baking powder. So,
1. My programs come together faster and have fewer bugs.
2. Once written, the programs are easier to modify.
3. I can do (1) and (2) without giving up performance.
Get your compilers and start hacking D!
* DMD (Digital Mars reference compiler, Windows & Linux, x86)
* GDC (GCC front-end)
20 August, 2009
40 years of Linux
40 years of Unix
By Mark Ward
Technology Correspondent, BBC News
Network cables, BBC
Unix had computer networking built in from the start
Unix had computer networking built in from the start
The computer world is notorious for its obsession with what is new - largely thanks to the relentless engine of Moore's Law that endlessly presents programmers with more powerful machines.
Given such permanent change, anything that survives for more than one generation of processors deserves a nod.
Think then what the Unix operating system deserves because in August 2009, it celebrates its 40th anniversary. And it has been in use every year of those four decades and today is getting more attention than ever before.
Work on Unix began at Bell Labs after AT&T, (which owned the lab), MIT and GE pulled the plug on an ambitious project to create an operating system called Multics.
The idea was to make better use of the resources of mainframe computers and have them serve many people at the same time.
"With Multics they tried to have a much more versatile and flexible operating system, and it failed miserably," said Dr Peter Salus, author of the definitive history of Unix's early years.
Time well spent
The cancellation meant that two of the researchers assigned to the project, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, had a lot of time on their hands. Frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics but not its aims of making computers more flexible and interactive, they decided to try and finish the work - albeit on a much smaller scale.
The commitment was helped by the fact that in August 1969, Ken Thompson's wife took their new baby to see relatives on the West Coast. She was due to be gone for a month and Thompson decided to use his time constructively - by writing the core of what became Unix.
He allocated one week each to the four core components of operating system, shell, editor and assembler. It was during that time and after as the growing team got the operating system running on a DEC computer known as a PDP-7 that Unix came into being.
It got us away from the total control that businesses like IBM and DEC had over us
Peter Salus, author
Bill Thompson on "The enlightenment's operating system"
By the early 1970s, five people were working on Unix. Thompson and Ritchie had been joined by Brian Kernighan, Doug McIlroy and Joe Ossanna.
The name was reportedly coined by Brian Kernighan - a lover of puns who wanted Unics to stand in contrast to its forebear Multics.
The team got Unix running well on the PDP7 and soon it had a long list of commands it could carry out. The syntax of many of those commands, such as chdir and cat, are still in use 40 years on. Along with it came the C programming language.
But, said Dr Salus, it wasn't just the programming that was important about Unix - the philosophy behind it was vital too.
"Unix was created to solve a few problems," said Dr Salus, "the most important of which was to have something that was much more compact than the operating systems that were current at that time which ran on the dinosaurs of the computer age."
Net benefits
Back in the early 1970s, computers were still huge and typically overseen by men in white coats who jealously guarded access to the machines. The idea of users directly interacting with the machine was downright revolutionary.
"It got us away from the total control that businesses like IBM and DEC had over us," said Dr Salus.
Word about Unix spread and people liked what they heard.
"Once it had jumped out of the lab and out of AT&T it caught fire among the academic community," Dr Salus told the BBC. What helped this grassroots movement was AT&T's willingness to give the software away for free.
DEC PDP-1 computer
DEC's early computers were for many years restricted to laboratories
That it ran on cheap hardware and was easy to move to different machines helped too.
"The fact that its code was adaptable to other types of machinery, in large and small versions meant that it could become an operating system that did more than just run on your proprietary machine," said Dr Salus.
In May 1975 it got another boost by becoming the chosen operating system for the internet. The decision to back it is laid out in the then-nascent Internet Engineering Task Force's document RFC 681, which notes that Unix "presents several interesting capabilities" for those looking to use it on the net.
DEC's early computers were for many years restricted to laboratories
It didn't stop there. Unix was adapted for use on any and every computer from mainframes to desktops. While it is true that it did languish in the 1980s and 90s as corporations scrapped over whose version was definitive, the rise of the web has given it new life.
The wars are over and the Unix specification is looked after by the Open Group - an industry body set up to police what is done in the operating system's name.
Now Unix, in a variety of guises, is everywhere. Most of the net runs on Unix-based servers and the Unix philosophy heavily influenced the open source software movements and the creation of the Linux desktop OS. Windows runs the communication stack created for Unix. Apple's OS X is broadly based on Unix and it is possible to dig into that software and find text remarkably similar to that first written by Dennis Ritchie in 1971.
"The really nice part is the flexibility and adaptability," said Dr Salus, explaining why it is so widespread and how its ethic fits with a world at home with the web.
"Unix is the best screwdriver ever built," said Dr Salus.
take more info from:--
news@bbc
By Mark Ward
Technology Correspondent, BBC News
Network cables, BBC
Unix had computer networking built in from the start
Unix had computer networking built in from the start
The computer world is notorious for its obsession with what is new - largely thanks to the relentless engine of Moore's Law that endlessly presents programmers with more powerful machines.
Given such permanent change, anything that survives for more than one generation of processors deserves a nod.
Think then what the Unix operating system deserves because in August 2009, it celebrates its 40th anniversary. And it has been in use every year of those four decades and today is getting more attention than ever before.
Work on Unix began at Bell Labs after AT&T, (which owned the lab), MIT and GE pulled the plug on an ambitious project to create an operating system called Multics.
The idea was to make better use of the resources of mainframe computers and have them serve many people at the same time.
"With Multics they tried to have a much more versatile and flexible operating system, and it failed miserably," said Dr Peter Salus, author of the definitive history of Unix's early years.
Time well spent
The cancellation meant that two of the researchers assigned to the project, Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, had a lot of time on their hands. Frustrated by the size and complexity of Multics but not its aims of making computers more flexible and interactive, they decided to try and finish the work - albeit on a much smaller scale.
The commitment was helped by the fact that in August 1969, Ken Thompson's wife took their new baby to see relatives on the West Coast. She was due to be gone for a month and Thompson decided to use his time constructively - by writing the core of what became Unix.
He allocated one week each to the four core components of operating system, shell, editor and assembler. It was during that time and after as the growing team got the operating system running on a DEC computer known as a PDP-7 that Unix came into being.
It got us away from the total control that businesses like IBM and DEC had over us
Peter Salus, author
Bill Thompson on "The enlightenment's operating system"
By the early 1970s, five people were working on Unix. Thompson and Ritchie had been joined by Brian Kernighan, Doug McIlroy and Joe Ossanna.
The name was reportedly coined by Brian Kernighan - a lover of puns who wanted Unics to stand in contrast to its forebear Multics.
The team got Unix running well on the PDP7 and soon it had a long list of commands it could carry out. The syntax of many of those commands, such as chdir and cat, are still in use 40 years on. Along with it came the C programming language.
But, said Dr Salus, it wasn't just the programming that was important about Unix - the philosophy behind it was vital too.
"Unix was created to solve a few problems," said Dr Salus, "the most important of which was to have something that was much more compact than the operating systems that were current at that time which ran on the dinosaurs of the computer age."
Net benefits
Back in the early 1970s, computers were still huge and typically overseen by men in white coats who jealously guarded access to the machines. The idea of users directly interacting with the machine was downright revolutionary.
"It got us away from the total control that businesses like IBM and DEC had over us," said Dr Salus.
Word about Unix spread and people liked what they heard.
"Once it had jumped out of the lab and out of AT&T it caught fire among the academic community," Dr Salus told the BBC. What helped this grassroots movement was AT&T's willingness to give the software away for free.
DEC PDP-1 computer
DEC's early computers were for many years restricted to laboratories
That it ran on cheap hardware and was easy to move to different machines helped too.
"The fact that its code was adaptable to other types of machinery, in large and small versions meant that it could become an operating system that did more than just run on your proprietary machine," said Dr Salus.
In May 1975 it got another boost by becoming the chosen operating system for the internet. The decision to back it is laid out in the then-nascent Internet Engineering Task Force's document RFC 681, which notes that Unix "presents several interesting capabilities" for those looking to use it on the net.
DEC's early computers were for many years restricted to laboratories
It didn't stop there. Unix was adapted for use on any and every computer from mainframes to desktops. While it is true that it did languish in the 1980s and 90s as corporations scrapped over whose version was definitive, the rise of the web has given it new life.
The wars are over and the Unix specification is looked after by the Open Group - an industry body set up to police what is done in the operating system's name.
Now Unix, in a variety of guises, is everywhere. Most of the net runs on Unix-based servers and the Unix philosophy heavily influenced the open source software movements and the creation of the Linux desktop OS. Windows runs the communication stack created for Unix. Apple's OS X is broadly based on Unix and it is possible to dig into that software and find text remarkably similar to that first written by Dennis Ritchie in 1971.
"The really nice part is the flexibility and adaptability," said Dr Salus, explaining why it is so widespread and how its ethic fits with a world at home with the web.
"Unix is the best screwdriver ever built," said Dr Salus.
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02 August, 2009
Python Turtle For absolute Beginners....
PythonTurtle
A learning environment for Python suitable for beginners and children, inspired by Logo.
PythonTurtle aims to be the most low-threshold way for learning or teaching Python. The user is given command of an interactive Python shell, similar to IDLE, and is able to use Python functions to move a turtle that is displayed on the screen. An illustrated help screen demonstrates how to move the turtle and introduces the student to the basics of Python programming.
A learning environment for Python suitable for beginners and children, inspired by Logo.
PythonTurtle aims to be the most low-threshold way for learning or teaching Python. The user is given command of an interactive Python shell, similar to IDLE, and is able to use Python functions to move a turtle that is displayed on the screen. An illustrated help screen demonstrates how to move the turtle and introduces the student to the basics of Python programming.
Are u know about SciPy...?
Scientific Tools for Python
SciPy (pronounced "Sigh Pie") is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering. It is also the name of a very popular conference on scientific programming with Python. The SciPy library depends on NumPy, which provides convenient and fast N-dimensional array manipulation. The SciPy library is built to work with NumPy arrays, and provides many user-friendly and efficient numerical routines such as routines for numerical integration and optimization. Together, they run on all popular operating systems, are quick to install, and are free of charge. NumPy and SciPy are easy to use, but powerful enough to be depended upon by some of the world's leading scientists and engineers. If you need to manipulate numbers on a computer and display or publish the results, give SciPy a try!
check the url:-
http://www.scipy.org/
SciPy (pronounced "Sigh Pie") is open-source software for mathematics, science, and engineering. It is also the name of a very popular conference on scientific programming with Python. The SciPy library depends on NumPy, which provides convenient and fast N-dimensional array manipulation. The SciPy library is built to work with NumPy arrays, and provides many user-friendly and efficient numerical routines such as routines for numerical integration and optimization. Together, they run on all popular operating systems, are quick to install, and are free of charge. NumPy and SciPy are easy to use, but powerful enough to be depended upon by some of the world's leading scientists and engineers. If you need to manipulate numbers on a computer and display or publish the results, give SciPy a try!
check the url:-
http://www.scipy.org/
